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When, where, and what has happened? What damage was done by this incident? What was the intensity of explosions? What caused the blasts? What type of chemicals, explosives were utilized? What was the motive of the Bombing (Explosion)? If materials accidentally caught fire, why did not the manufacturer issue preventive measures to prevent accidental fire of explosive materials? How is mass spectrometer utilized in identifying substance, for example explosive material? Who utilizes mass spectrometer? What should first responder do if he or she detects bomb (explosion) at specific location? If there is an explosion, is this always a bomb? Was there criminal wrongdoing on August 13, 2015, Tianjin, Asia? What some similar explosions occurred in the past? Questions that further need to be answered. Who was the manufacturer of the explosive materials? What kind of bomb was used in the incident? Was bombing done with local individuals or local individuals in collaboration with individuals abroad? What kind of Bomb fragments, residue from the explosive, bits of electronics were found? Was there any Explosive taggants? What is the mailing address of manufacturer of Bomb or Explosive materials utilized in this specific explosion? What is response of the manufacturer of Bomb or Explosive materials utilized in this specific incident? |
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When, where, and what has happened? On August 13, 2015 Tianjin, Hebei, Asia. fire officials say hazardous chemicals stored at the warehouse were ignited by fire. But the cause of the fire has yet to be determined. Two huge explosions occurred within 30 seconds of each other. This happened before midnight local time. What damage was done by this incident? At least 56 human beings dead. 700 human being injured. Thousands lost their homes. Number of vehicles damaged. Blasts, one of which was the equivalent of more than 20 tons of TNT exploding, felt like a 2.3 magnitude earthquake. What was the intensity of explosions? First explosion detonated with the force equivalent of three tons of TNT and registered 2.3 on the Richter scale. The second detonation was equal to 21 tons of TNT and registered 2.9 on the Richter scale. What caused the blasts? On August 13, 2015, Tianjin, Hebei, Asia, fire officials say hazardous chemicals stored at the warehouse were ignited by fire. But the cause of the fire has yet to be determined. Hazardous chemicals stored in warehouse caught fire. What type of chemicals, explosives were utilized? RDX TNT Sodium cyanide Toluene diisocyanate Calcium carbide Hydrogen Bomb LPG caught fire; sabotage or accident. Other materials Sodium cyanide, toluene diisocyanate at this point is the substance being analysed that caught fire. What was the motive of the Bombing (Explosion)? Murder individuals. Damage property. Damage other resources. Harm individuals. Not determined. Materials accidentally caught fire. Further investigations required. If materials accidentally caught fire, why did not the manufacturer issue preventive measures to prevent accidental fire of explosive materials? How is mass spectrometer utilized in identifying substance, for example explosive material? Chemically identify an unknown substance essentially based on its molecular mass and charge. Who utilizes mass spectrometer? Forensic chemist. Investigators. What should first responder do if he or she detects bomb (explosion) at specific location? Request services of bomb (explosion) investigator. If there is an explosion, is this always a bomb? No. Was there criminal wrongdoing on August 13, 2015, Tianjin, Asia? What some similar explosions occurred in the past? 71 were killed in an explosion at a car parts factory in Kunshan, near Shanghai, in August 2014 Questions that further need to be answered. Who was the manufacturer of the explosive materials? What kind of bomb was used in the incident? Was bombing done with local individuals or local individuals in collaboration with individuals abroad? What kind of Bomb fragments, residue from the explosive, bits of electronics were found? Was there any Explosive taggants? Was there criminal wrongdoing on August 13, 2015, Tianjin, Asia? What is the mailing address of manufacturer of Bomb or Explosive materials utilized in this specific explosion? What is response of the manufacturer of Bomb or Explosive materials utilized in this specific incident? |
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How do you investigate an explosion? What is an explosion? What can be causes of explosions? Are all explosions bombs? What is a bomb? What are the types of conventional and nonconventional bombs? What are examples of bombs as per weight? What are examples of explosive weapons sometime not classified as bombs? What are the uses of explosives? What should you know about explosions? What is the difference between explosion and explosive material? How do you conclude that an explosion was criminal activity? What was the cause of explosion in this situation? What are the profiles of witnesses to the incident? What did the witnesses hear and see themselves? What did the witnesses hear and see from others? What did the investigations reveal? What is the profile of individual or individuals who investigated the incident? How credible were the investigations? What are examples of various explosive materials? What is the usual composition of various explosive materials? What is the difference between burning and exploding? What are examples of primary high explosives? What should you know about storage, handling, and use of explosives in the state and outside the state? |
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How do you investigate an explosion? What is an explosion? An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases. What can be causes of explosions? Natural/volcanic eruptions Astronomical Electrical and magnetic Nuclear Explosions Chemical explosions Gas explosions Dynamite explosions, which can be intentional (such as in construction). Physical explosions/mechanical and vapor Are all explosions bombs? No. What is a bomb? A bomb is one of a range of explosive weapons that rely on only the exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of energy (an explosive device). What are the types of conventional and nonconventional bombs? Types of conventional bombs Aerial bomb. Fireworks (Non-harmful, sometime harmful) Semtex-granade (sticky) TNT General-purpose bomb Bouncing bomb Bunker buster (can be nuclear) Car bomb Petrol bomb Cluster bomb Flour bomb (made with flour) Glide bomb Logic bomb Pipe bomb Smoke bomb Stink bomb, which ranges in effectiveness from simple pranks to military grade or riot control chemical agents. Suicide bomb or suicide bomber OMI (ongoing military investigation) Suitcase bomb Thermobaric bomb Tank bomb or slap bomb Barrel bomb Molotov cocktail Land mine Types of nonconventional bombs Atomic bomb Cobalt bomb Dirty bomb Electromagnetic bomb Hydrogen bomb Neutron bomb Nuclear bomb What are examples of bombs as per weight? Different sizes of bombs according to their gross weight of the bomb. 150lb bomb 250lb bomb 500lb bomb 750lb bomb 1000lb bomb 1200lb bomb 1500lb bomb What are examples of explosive weapons sometime not classified as bombs? Explosive weapons not classified as "bombs" include grenades, shells, depth charges (used in water), warheads when in missiles, or land mines. What are the uses of explosives? Use in war Artillery, mortars, and cannons Gunpowder and smokeless powder as a propellant in firearms and artillery Bombs Missiles, rockets, and torpedoes Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Land mines, naval mines, and IEDs Satchel charges and sapping Hand grenades Use of explosives in mining is banned. There are so many mechanical devices mining can be done without explosives. What should you know about explosions? Not all explosions are due to explosives. An explosion can be natural or human made. A human made explosion can be with criminal intent or without criminal intent to harm others. In a human made explosion, always find out the manufacturer of the explosives. What is the difference between explosion and explosive material? An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material, usually accompanied by the production of heat and large changes in pressure (and typically also a flash and/or loud noise) upon initiation; this is called the explosion. How do you conclude that an explosion was criminal activity? What was the cause of explosion in this situation? Did any individual intentionally manufacture, plant, or detonate the explosives to cause damages? Witnesses What are the profiles of witnesses to the incident? What did the witnesses hear and see themselves? What did the witnesses hear and see from others? Investigations What did the investigations reveal? What is the profile of individual or individuals who investigated the incident? How credible were the investigations? Composition of the explosive material What are examples of various explosive materials? What is the usual composition of various explosive materials? What is the difference between burning and exploding? Explosive materials. What are examples of primary high explosives? Examples of primary high explosives are: Acetone peroxide Alkali metal ozonides Ammonium permanganate Ammonium chlorate Azidotetrazolates Azo-clathrates Benzoyl peroxide Benzvalene Chlorine azide Chlorine oxides Copper(I) acetylide Copper(II) azide Cumene hydroperoxide Cyanogen azide Diacetyl peroxide Diazodinitrophenol Diazomethane Diethyl ether peroxide 4-Dimethylaminophenylpentazole Disulfur dinitride Ethyl azide Explosive antimony Fluorine azide Fluorine perchlorate Fulminic acid Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine Hydrazoic acid Hypofluorous acid Lead azide Lead styphnate Lead picrate Manganese heptoxide Mercury(II) fulminate Mercury nitride Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen tribromide Nitrogen triiodide Nitroglycerin Nitronium perchlorate Nitrotetrazolate-N-oxides Octaazacubane Pentazenium hexafluoroarsenate Peroxy acids Peroxymonosulfuric acid Selenium tetraazide Silicon tetraazide Silver azide Silver acetylide Silver fulminate Silver nitride Sodium azide Tellurium tetraazide tert-Butyl hydroperoxide Tetraamine copper complexes Tetraazidomethane Tetrazene explosive Tetranitratoxycarbon Tetrazoles Titanium tetraazide Triazidomethane Xenon dioxide Xenon oxytetrafluoride Xenon tetroxide Xenon trioxide Examples of secondary explosives include TNT and RDX. ANFO is an example of a tertiary explosive. Explosive materials regulations in various states around the world. If explosive materials are transported through oceans, state explosive regulations still are applicable. State and international law is applicable to this situation. Ideally, explosives should be regulated by a state department of engineering as per the need of state or other state. Always keep state and international law in mind. Storage, handling, and use of explosives in the state and outside the state What should you know about storage, handling, and use of explosives in the state and outside the state? Here are further guidelines. Chemical Explosions Chemical explosions may be either decomposition or combination reactions. In either case, the reaction is exothermic and the energy released by the reaction is partially converted to work. Decomposition reactions occur in materials such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and nitroglycerine. The molecules of these materials contain oxygen. When the molecule decomposes, the products are combustion gases, which are produced at high temperatures. The volume of the gases is much larger than the volume of the explosive, generating high pressures at the reaction zone. The rapid expansion of the gases forms the shock wave that provides the explosive effect. Even some hydrocarbons that have no oxygen in their molecules, such as acetylene, can decompose explosively. Combination reactions require that two or more components react together exothermically to produce hot gases. Some examples are ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO), gunpowder (potassium nitrate, carbon, and sulfur), and fireworks. In these explosions, the reactants that make up the explosive must be carefully mixed to assure that the reaction will continue. Nuclear Explosions Nuclear explosions may be caused by either fusion or fission reactions. In a fusion reaction, the nuclei of two small atoms combine to form a single larger atom, sometimes accompanied by a neutron. The mass of the products of the reaction is less than the mass of the reactants, and that difference in mass is converted to energy according to Einstein's well-known equation E = mc 2 where E is the energy produced, m the mass converted to energy, and c the speed of light. The speed of light is very large, and only a small amount of mass must be converted to result in a significant explosion. In a fission reaction, a single large atom, such as uranium, is bombarded with neutrons, causing the nucleus of the atom to split into two smaller nuclei and several neutrons. The combined mass of the product atoms and neutrons is less than the mass of the original atom, and the mass loss is converted to energy according to Einstein's equation. The neutrons produced by the fission reaction cause other large atoms to fission, and their neutron production causes still other atoms to fission, leading to a chain reaction that continues exponentially (i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64…). The entire process is very rapid, taking only a few millionths of a second. The resulting energy production heats the surrounding air and causes it to expand in the form of a blast wave. Both fusion and fission reactions can be used in bombs. The fusion reactions require a very high temperature to get started, so they are initiated by fission reactions. (When controlled at slower rates in nuclear reactors, fission reactions are used to produce power and additional nuclear fuel.) What really causes plant explosions to occur? In all truthfulness, there are many different situations which can lead to a plant explosion; however, some have been noted as occurring more often than others. For example, simple fires can quickly spiral out of control into causing these large explosions. In other cases, a natural disaster such as an earthquake or lightning storm can be the cause. Other common causes for plant explosions include: Boilers that are not properly cared for; Careless cigarette smoking while on premises; Malfunctioning and dangerous equipment; Improper maintenance of machinery; Unseen corrosion; The use of impure or dirty chemicals; and Failing to properly train all employees. Properties of explosions Force> Velocity> Evolution of heat Initiation of reaction Fragmentation> Composition of the material An explosive may consist of either a chemically pure compound, such as nitroglycerin, or a mixture of an oxidizer and a fuel, such as black powder. Mixtures of an oxidizer and a fuelAn oxidizer is a pure substance (molecule) that in a chemical reaction can contribute some atoms of one or more oxidizing elements, in which the fuel component of the explosive burns. On the simplest level, the oxidizer may itself be an oxidizing element, such as gaseous or liquid oxygen.
Chemically pure compoundsSome chemical compounds are unstable in that, when shocked, they react, possibly to the point of detonation. Each molecule of the compound dissociates into two or more new molecules (generally gases) with the release of energy.
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